Bibliography on the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Emerging Portable and Accessible Neuroimaging Technologies

 

This bibliography contains resources related to the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of emerging portable and accessible neuroimaging technologies, as well as selected relevant publications from the scientific and medical literatures. The bibliography is focused specifically on the ELSI of portable and accessible neuroimaging, and does not include citations to broader literatures on ELSI of traditional fixed neuroimaging (e.g. the extensive literature on ELSI of incidental findings in MRI). The bibliography also does not include citations to literature on emerging neurotechnologies beyond brain imaging (e.g. neurostimulation). For more general resources on neuroethics, readers might view the resources page of NIH BRAIN Neuroethics. The bibliography contains selected scientific publications related to emerging portable neuroimaging technologies, but is not exhaustive and generally excludes publications that are more technical in nature.

The bibliography is a product of an NIH RF1 grant: Highly Portable and Cloud-Enabled Neuroimaging Research: Confronting Ethics Challenges in Field Research with New Populations (NIH Grant #RF1MH123698). The grant is based at the University of Minnesota’s Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences.

The Bibliography is organized by topical area, with entries listed alphabetically within each category by last name of the first author. You can scroll down or click on each topical icon below to jump to a particular section.

To download the latest version of the bibliography in .PDF format, click here.

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Law & Ethics

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Selected Guidelines

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Low-Resource Contexts

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Portable MRI

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Portable EEG

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Portable MEG

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Portable PET

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Portable fNIRS

 

Contact│The bibliography will be updated regularly, and suggested additions can be sent to Dr. Francis Shen, francis_shen@hms.harvard.edu. Acknowledgment│Research reported in this document was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number RF1MH123698. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Last Updated│June 22, 2023

 

Law & Ethics

Although there are established literatures on the ethics of traditional fixed neuroimaging, the literature specific to the ethical, legal, and social implications of highly portable and accessible neuroimaging is only beginning to emerge.

 

  • Bannier, E., Barker, G., Borghesani, V., Broeckx, N., Clement, P., Emblem, K. E., Ghosh, S., Glerean, E., Gorgolewski, K. J., Havu, M., Halchenko, Y. O., Herholz, P., Hespel, A., Heunis, S., Hu, Y., Hu, C.-P., Huijser, D., de la Iglesia Vayá, M., Jancalek, R., … Zhu, H. (2021). The Open Brain Consent: Informing Research Participants and Obtaining Consent to Share Brain Imaging Data. Human Brain Mapping, 42(7), 1945–1951. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25351

  • Beauvais, M. J. S., Knoppers, B. M. & Illes, J. (2021). A Marathon, Not a Sprint–Neuroimaging, Open Science and Ethics. NeuroImage, 236, 118041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118041 PMID: 33848622

  • Bianchi, D. W., Cooper, J. A., Gordon, J. A., Heemskerk, J., Hodes, R., Koob, G. F., Koroshetz, W. J., Shurtleff, D., Sieving, P. A., Volkow, N. D., Churchill, J. D. & Ramos, K. M. (2018). Neuroethics for the National Institutes of Health BRAIN Initiative. Journal of Neuroscience, 38(50), 10583–10585. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2091-18.2018 PMID: 30541766

  • Clark, D. B., Fisher, C. B., Bookheimer, S., Brown, S. A., Evans, J. H., Hopfer, C., Hudziak, J., Montoya, I., Murray, M., Pfefferbaum, A. & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2017). Biomedical Ethics and Clinical Oversight in Multisite Observational Neuroimaging Studies with Children and Adolescents: The ABCD Experience. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.06.005 PMID: 28716389

  • Eke, D., Ochang, P., & Stahl, B. C. (2023). Towards an understanding of global brain data governance: ethical positions that underpin global brain data governance discourse. Frontiers in big data, 6, 1240660. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1240660

  • Greely, H. T., Grady, C., Ramos, K. M., Chiong, W., Eberwine, J., Farahany, N. A., Johnson, L. S. M., Hyman, B. T., Hyman, S. E., Rommelfanger, K. S. & Serrano, E. E. (2018). Neuroethics Guiding Principles for the NIH BRAIN Initiative. Journal of Neuroscience, 38(50), 10586–10588. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2077-18.2018 PMID: 30541767

  • Gaudry, K. S., Ayaz, H., Bedows, A., Celnik, P., Eagleman, D., Grover, P., Illes, J., Rao, R. P. N., Robinson, J. T., Thyagarajan, K. & The Working Group on Brain-Interfacing Devices in 2040 (2021). Projections and the Potential Societal Impact of the Future of Neurotechnologies. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15, 658930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.658930 PMCID: PMC8634831

  • Goldfarb, M. G., & Brown, D. R. (2022). Diversifying Participation: The Rarity of Reporting Racial Demographics in Neuroimaging Research. NeuroImage, 119122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119122

  • Greely, H. T., Ramos, K. M. & Grady, C. (2016). Neuroethics in the Age of Brain Projects. Neuron, 92(3), 637–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.048 PMID: 27810008

  • Ienca, M., Fins, J. J., Jox, R. J., Jotterand, F., Voeneky, S., Andorno, R., ... & Kellmeyer, P. (2022). Towards a Governance Framework for Brain Data. Neuroethics, 15(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09498-8

  • Janssen, T. W. P., Grammer, J. K., Bleichner, M. G., Bulgarelli, C., Davidesco, I., Dikker, S., Jasińska, K. K., Siugzdaite, R., Vassena, E., Vatakis, A., Zion-Golumbic, E. & van Atteveldt, N. (2021). Opportunities and Limitations of Mobile Neuroimaging Technologies in Educational Neuroscience. Mind, Brain and Education, 15(4), 354–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12302 PMID: 35875415

  • Jones, D. T. & Kerber, K. A. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and the Practice of Neurology in 2035: The Neurology Future Forecasting Series. Neurology, 98(6), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000013200 PMID: 35131918

  • Jwa, A. S. & Poldrack, R. A. (2022). The Spectrum of Data Sharing Policies in Neuroimaging Data Repositories. Human Brain Mapping, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25803 PMID: 35142409

  • Krainak, D.M., Zeng, R., Li, N. et al. US regulatory considerations for low field magnetic resonance imaging systems. Magn Reson Mater Phy (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-023-01083-1

  • Li, Y., Thompson, W. K., Reuter, C., Nillo, R., Jernigan, T., Dale, A., Sugrue, L. P. & ABCD Consortium. (2021). Rates of Incidental Findings in Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children. JAMA Neurology, 78(5), 578–587. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0306 PMID: 33749724

  • Palk, A., Illes, J., Thompson, P. M. & Stein, D. J. (2020). Ethical Issues in Global Neuroimaging Genetics Collaborations. NeuroImage, 221, 117208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117208 PMID: 32736000

  • Parker, T. C., & Ricard, J. A. (2022). Structural racism in neuroimaging: Perspectives and solutions. The Lancet Psychiatry, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00079-7

  • Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (2015, March). Gray Matters: Topics at the Intersection of Neuroscience, Ethics, and Society (Vol. 2). https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcsbi/sites/default/files/GrayMatter_V2_508.pdf

  • Ramos, K. M., Grady, C., Greely, H. T., Chiong, W., Eberwine, J., Farahany, N. A., Johnson, L. S. M., Hyman, B. T., Hyman, S. E., Rommelfanger, K. S., Serrano, E. E., Churchill, J. D., Gordon, J. A. & Koroshetz, W. J. (2019). The NIH BRAIN Initiative: Integrating Neuroethics and Neuroscience. Neuron, 101(3), 394–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.024 PMID: 30731065

  • Ramos, K. M., Rommelfanger, K. S., Greely, H. T. & Koroshetz, W. J. (2018). Neuroethics and the NIH BRAIN Initiative. Journal of Responsible Innovation, 5(1), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2017.1319035 PMID: 30854409

  • Ricard, J.A., Parker, T.C., Dhamala, E. Kwasa, J., Allsop, A., Holmes, A.J (2023). Confronting racially exclusionary practices in the acquisition and analyses of neuroimaging data. Nat Neurosci 26, 4–11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01218-y

  • Robinson, J. T., Rommelfanger, K. S., Anikeeva, P. O., Etienne, A., French, J., Gelinas, J., Grover, P. & Picard, R. (2022). Building a Culture of Responsible Neurotech: Neuroethics as Socio-Technical Challenges. Neuron, S0896-6273(22), 2057–2062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2022.05.005 PMID: 35671759

  • Rommelfanger, K. S., Jeong, S.-J., Ema, A., Fukushi, T., Kasai, K., Ramos, K. M., Salles, A. & Singh, I. (2018). Neuroethics Questions to Guide Ethical Research in the International Brain Initiatives. Neuron, 100(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.021 PMID: 30308169

  • Shen, F. X., Wolf, S. M., Bhavnani, S., Deoni, S., Elison, J. T., Fair, D., Garwood, M., Gee, M. S., Geethanath, S., Kay, K., Lim, K. O., Lockwood Estrin, G., Luciana, M., Peloquin, D., Rommelfanger, K., Schiess, N., Siddiqui, K., Torres, E. & Vaughan, J. T. (2021). Emerging Ethical Issues Raised by Highly Portable MRI Research in Remote and Resource-Limited International Settings. NeuroImage, 238, 118210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118210 PMCID: PMC83824873

  • Shen, F., Wolf, S., Garwood, M., Han, D., Illes, J., Kimberly, W., Klein, E., Rommelfanger, K., Rosen, M., Sheth, K., Torres, E., Tuite, P. & Vaughan, J. (2022). Challenges in Deploying Low-Field and Ultra-Low Field MRI in Research, Clinical Care, Population Screening, and Direct-to-Consumer Use (P15-7.001). Neurology, 98(18 Supplement), 586. https://n.neurology.org/content/98/18_Supplement/586

  • Shen, F. X., Wolf, S. M., Gonzalez, R. G. & Garwood, M. (2020). Ethical Issues Posed by Field Research Using Highly Portable and Cloud-Enabled Neuroimaging. Neuron, 105(5), 771–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.041 PMID: 32135089

  • Wassenaar, E. B., & Van den Brand, J. G. (2005). Reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy in people with dark skin pigmentation. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, 19(3), 195–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-005-1655-0

 

Selected Guidelines

As neuroimaging research moves out of the lab and into the field, neuroimaging researchers will be confronted with novel ethical and technical challenges. The selected guidelines below provide high-level guidance for addressing those challenges.

 
 

Portable Neuroimaging Research in Low-Resource Contexts

The increased portability and lower costs of new MRI technologies will allow researchers and clinicians to utilize MRI in low-resource contexts that previously did not have access to MRI. The citations below include articles in which MRI is being used in a wide range of research in low-resource contexts.

 

  • Altaf, A., Baqai, M. W., Urooj, F., Alam, M. S., Aziz, H. F., Mubarak, F., Knopp, E. A., Siddiqui, K. M., & Enam, S. A. (2023). Utilization of an ultra-low-field, portable magnetic resonance imaging for Brain Tumor Assessment in lower middle-income countries. Surgical Neurology International, 14, 260. https://doi.org/10.25259/sni_123_2023 PMID: 37560587

  • DesRoche, C. N., Johnson, A. P., Hore, E. B., Innes, E., Silver, I., Tampieri, D., Kwan, B. Y. M., Ortiz Jimenez, J., Boyd, J. G., & Islam, O. (2023). Feasibility and Cost Analysis of Portable MRI Implementation in a Remote Setting in Canada. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 1–27. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2023.250 PMID: 37434471

  • DeStigter, K., Pool, K. L., Leslie, A., Hussain, S., Tan, B. S., Donoso-Bach, L., & Andronikou, S. (2021). Optimizing Integrated Imaging Service Delivery by Tier in Low-Resource Health Systems. Insights into Imaging, 12(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-021-01073-8 PMCID: PMC8444174

  • Fuhrimann, S., Winkler, M. S., Staudacher, P., Weiss, F. T., Stamm, C., Eggen, R. I., Lindh, C. H., Menezes-Filho, J. A., Baker, J. M., Ramírez-Muñoz, F., Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., & Mora, A. M. (2019). Exposure to Pesticides and Health Effects on Farm Owners and Workers From Conventional and Organic Agricultural Farms in Costa Rica: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 8(1), e10914. https://doi.org/10.2196/10914 PMCID: PMC6367668

  • Harding, L., McFarlane, J., Honey, C. R., McDonald, P. J., & Illes, J. (2023). Mapping the Landscape of Equitable Access to Advanced Neurotechnologies in Canada. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 50(s1), s17–s25. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2023.18

  • Katus, L., Hayes, N. J., Mason, L., Blasi, A., McCann, S., Darboe, M. K., de Haan, M., Moore, S. E., Lloyd-Fox, S., & Elwell, C. E. (2019). Implementing Neuroimaging and Eye Tracking Methods to Assess Neurocognitive Development of Young Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Gates Open Research, 3, 1113. https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12951.2 PMCID: PMC6719506

  • Mateen, F. J. (2019). Multiple Sclerosis in Resource-Limited Settings: Research Opportunities in an Unequal World. Neurology, 93(4), 176–180. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007837 PMID: 31332086

  • Murali, S., Ding, H., Adedeji, F., Qin, C., Obungoloch, J., Asllani, I., Anazodo, U., Ntusi, N. A. B., Mammen, R., Niendorf, T., & Adeleke, S. (2023). Bringing MRI to low- and middle-income countries: Directions, challenges and potential solutions. NMR in biomedicine, e4992. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.4992

  • Palzes, V. A., Sagiv, S. K., Baker, J. M., Rojas-Valverde, D., Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Winkler, M. S., Fuhrimann, S., Staudacher, P., Menezes-Filho, J. A., Reiss, A. L., Eskenazi, B., & Mora, A. M. (2019). Manganese Exposure and Working Memory-Related Brain Activity in Smallholder Farmworkers in Costa Rica: Results from a Pilot Study. Environmental Research, 173, 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.006 PMCID: PMC6581040

  • Yoo, S. H., Choi, K., Nam, S., Yoon, E. K., Sohn, J. W., Oh, B. M., Shim, J., & Choi, M. Y. (2023). Development of Korea Neuroethics Guidelines. Journal of Korean medical science, 38(25), e193. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e193 PMID: 37365727

 

Portable MRI

Multiple research teams are actively developing more portable and more accessible magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies. These technologies include low-field MRI, ultra-low field MRI, and more portable high-field MRI. The citations below are selected publications describing these technological advances.

 

  • Abbas, A., Hilal, K., Rasool, A. A., Zahidi, U., Shamim, M. S., & Abbas, Q. (2023). Low-field magnetic resonance imaging in a boy with intracranial bolt after severe traumatic brain injury: illustrative case, Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons, 6(1), CASE23225. https://doi.org/10.3171/CASE23225 PMID: 37392768

  • Aggarwal, P. P. K., Jimeno, M. M., & Geethanath, S. (2023). Repeatability of image quality in very low field MRI. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.07267.

  • Altaf, A., Baqai, M. W. S., Urooj, F., Alam, M. S., Aziz, H. F., Mubarak, F., Knopp, E., Siddiqui, K., & Enam, S. A. (2023). Intraoperative use of ultra-low-field, portable magnetic resonance imaging - first report. Surgical neurology international, 14, 212. https://doi.org/10.25259/SNI_124_2023 PMID: 37404510

  • Arnold, T. C., Tu, D., Okar, S. V., Nair, G., By, S., Kawatra, K. D., Robert-Fitzgerald, T. E., Desiderio, L. M., Schindler, M. K., Shinohara, R. T., Reich, D. S. & Stein, J. M. (2022). Sensitivity of Portable Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. NeuroImage: Clinical, 35, 103101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103101 PMID: 35792417

  • Anoardo, E., & Rodriguez, G. G. (2022). New challenges and opportunities for low-field MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Open, 100086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmro.2022.100086

  • Ayde, R., Senft, T., Salameh, N. & Sarracanie, M. (2022). Deep Learning for Fast Low-Field MRI Acquisitions. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11394. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14039-7 PMID: 35794175

  • Basser, P. (2022). Detection of Stroke by Portable, Low-Field MRI: A Milestone in Medical Imaging. Science Advances, 8(16), eabp9307. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abp9307 PMID: 35442726

  • Beekman, R., Crawford, A., Mazurek, M. H., Prabhat, A. M., Chavva, I. R., Parasuram, N., Kim, N., Kim, J. A., Petersen, N., de Havenon, A., Khosla, A., Honiden, S., Elliott Miller, P., Wira, C., Daley, J., Payabvash, S., Greer, D. M., Gilmore, E. J., Taylor Kimberly, W. & Sheth, K. N. (2022). Bedside Monitoring of Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury Using Low-Field, Portable Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Cardiac Arrest. Resuscitation, S0300-9572(22), 150­–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.05.002

  • Bossert, S., Unadkat, P., Sheth, K. N., Sze, G., & Schulder, M. (2023). A novel portable, mobile MRI: Comparison with an established low-field intraoperative MRI system. Asian Journal of Neurosurgery. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1760857

    Chaban, Y. V., Vosshenrich, J., McKee, H., Gunasekaran, S., Brown, M. J., Atalay, M. K., Heye, T., Markl, M., Woolen, S. A., Simonetti, O. P., & Hanneman, K. (2023). Environmental sustainability and MRI: Challenges, opportunities, and a call for action. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.28994

  • Chetcuti, K., Chilingulo, C., Goyal, M. S., Vidal, L., O’Brien, N. F., Postels, D. G., Seydel, K. B. & Taylor, T. E. (2022). Implementation of a Low-Field Portable MRI Scanner in a Resource-Constrained Environment: Our Experience in Malawi. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 43(5), 670–674. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7494 PMID: 35450856

  • Cho, S.-M., Wilcox, C., Keller, S., Acton, M., Rando, H., Etchill, E., Bush, E. L., Sair, H. I., Pitts, J., Kim, B. S., Whitman, G. & Giuliano, K. (2022). Assessing the SAfety and FEasibility of Bedside Portable Low-Field Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients on ECMO (SAFE-MRI ECMO study) – Study Protocol and First Case Series Experience [Manuscript Submitted for Publication]. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1409569/v1

  • Cooley, C. Z., McDaniel, P. C., Stockmann, J. P., Srinivas, S. A., Cauley, S. F., Śliwiak, M., Sappo, C. R., Vaughn, C. F., Guerin, B., Rosen, M. S., Lev, M. H., & Wald, L. L. (2021). A Portable Scanner for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 5(3), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-020-00641-5

  • Cooley, C. Z., Stockmann, J. P., Witzel, T., LaPierre, C., Mareyam, A., Jia, F., Zaitsev, M., Wenhui, Y., Zheng, W., Stang, P., Scott, G., Adalsteinsson, E., White, J. K., & Wald, L. L. (2020). Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost, Tabletop MRI Scanner for Education and Research Prototyping. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 310, 106625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106625

  • de Havenon, A., Parasuram, N. R., Crawford, A. L., Mazurek, M. H., Chavva, I. R., Yadlapalli, V., Iglesias, J. E., Rosen, M. S., Falcone, G. J., Payabvash, S., Sze, G., Sharma, R., Schiff, S. J., Safdar, B., Wira, C., Kimberly, W. T., & Sheth, K. N. (2023). Identification of White Matter Hyperintensities in Routine Emergency Department Visits Using Portable Bedside Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of the American Heart Association, e029242. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.029242

  • de Leeuw den Bouter, M. L., Ippolito, G., O’Reilly, T. P. A., Remis, R. F., van Gijzen, M. B. & Webb, A. G. (2022). Deep Learning-Based Single Image Super-Resolution for Low-Field MR Brain Images. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10298-6 PMID: 35430586

  • Deoni, S. C. L., Bruchhage, M. M. K., Beauchemin, J., Volpe, A., D’Sa, V., Huentelman, M. & Williams, S. C. R. (2021). Accessible Pediatric Neuroimaging Using a Low Field Strength MRI Scanner. NeuroImage, 238, 118273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118273 PMID: 34146712

  • Deoni, S. C. L., Medeiros, P., Deoni, A. T., Burton, P., Beauchemin, J., D’Sa, V., Boskamp, E., By, S., McNulty, C., Mileski, W., Welch, B. E. & Huentelman, M. (2022). Development of a Mobile Low-Field MRI Scanner. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 5690. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09760-2 PMID: 35383255

  • Ezeala-Adikaibe, B. A., Oti, B., Ohaegbulam, S. C., Okwuonodulu, O. & Ndubuisi, C. (2022). 0.35 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in a Cohort of 399 Seizure Patients. Experience From a Single Centre in Nigeria. Annals of Clinical and Biomedical Research, 3(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.4081/acbr.2022.188

  • Frija, G., Blažić, I., Frush, D. P., Hierath, M., Kawooya, M., Donoso-Bach, L., & Brkljačić, B. (2021). How to Improve Access to Medical Imaging in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? EClinicalMedicine, 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101034 PMCID: PMC8318869

  • Geethanath, S., & Vaughan, J. T. (2019). Accessible Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 49(7), e65–e77. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.26638

  • Gilk, T., Kanal, E. (2023) MRI safety considerations associated with low-field MRI: mostly good news. Magn Reson Mater Phy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-023-01079-x

  • Guallart-Naval, T., Algarín, J. M., Pellicer-Guridi, R., Galve, F., Vives-Gilabert, Y., Bosch, R., Pallás, E., González, J. M., Rigla, J. P., Martínez, P., Lloris, F. J., Borreguero, J., Marcos-Perucho, A., Negnevitsky, V., Martí-Bonmatí, L., Ríos, A., Benlloch, J. M. & Alonso, J. (2022). Portable Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Patients Indoors, Outdoors and at Home. ArXiv:2203.03455 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.03455

  • Guallart-Naval, T., O’Reilly, T., Algarín, J. M., Pellicer-Guridi, R., Vives-Gilabert, Y., Craven-Brightman, L., Negnevitsky, V., Menküc, B., Galve, F., Stockmann, J. P., Webb, A. & Alonso, J. (2022). Benchmarking the Performance of a Low-Cost Magnetic Resonance Control System at Multiple Sites in the Open MaRCoS Community. http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11314

  • Harper, J. R., Cherukuri, V., O’Reilly, T., Yu, M., Mbabazi-Kabachelor, E., Mulando, R., Sheth, K. N., Webb, A. G., Warf, B. C., Kulkarni, A. V., Monga, V. & Schiff, S. J. (2021). Assessing the Utility of Low Resolution Brain Imaging: Treatment of Infant Hydrocephalus. NeuroImage Clinical, 32, 102896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102896 PMID: 34911199

  • Hovis, G., Langdorf, M., Dang, E., & Chow, D. (2021). MRI at the Bedside: A Case Report Comparing Fixed and Portable Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Suspected Stroke. Cureus, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.16904

  • Huang, S., Ren, Z. H., Obruchkov, S., Gong, Ji., Dykstra, R., & Yu, W. (2019). Portable Low-Cost MRI System Based on Permanent Magnets/Magnet Arrays. Investig Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 23(3), 179–201. https://doi.org/10.13104/imri.2019.23.3.179

  • Iglesias, J. E., Schleicher, R., Laguna, S., Billot, B., Schaefer, P., McKaig, B., Goldstein, J. N., Sheth, K. N., Rosen, M. S. & Kimberly, W. T. (2022). Accurate Super-Resolution Low-Field Brain MRI. ArXiv:2202.03564 [Cs, Eess]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2202.03564

  • Islam, O., Lin, A. W., & Bharatha, A. (2023). Potential application of ultra-low field portable MRI in the ICU to improve CT and MRI access in Canadian hospitals: a multi-center retrospective analysis. Frontiers in neurology, 14, 1220091. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1220091 PMID: 37808492

  • J.M. Algar, T. Guallart-Naval, E. Gastalda-Orqu, R. Bosch, F.J. Lloris, E. Pall, J.P. Rigla, P. Martinez, J. Borreguero, R. Alamar, L. Mart-Bonmat, J.M. Benlloch, F. Galve and J. Alonso. (2023). “Portable MRI for major sporting events -- a case study on the MotoGP World Championship” arXiv:2303.09264v2 [physics.med-ph]. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.09264.pdf

  • Kawatra, K. D., Okar, S. V., By, S., Mina, Y., Fletcher, A., Azodi, S., Reich, D. S., Nair, G. & Cortese, I. C. M. (2022). Utility and Feasibility of Portable Ultra-Low Field MRI in Patients with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Neurology, 98(18 Supplement). https://n.neurology.org/content/98/18_Supplement/3385

  • Kimberly, W. T., Sorby-Adams, A. J., Webb, A. G., Wu, E. X., Beekman, R., Bowry, R., Schiff, S. J., de Havenon, A., Shen, F. X., Sze, G., Schaefer, P., Iglesias, J. E., Rosen, M. S., & Sheth, K. N. (2023). Brain imaging with portable low-field MRI. Nature reviews bioengineering, 1(9), 617–630. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44222-023-00086-w

  • Liu, Y., Leong, A.T., Zhao, Y., Xiao, L., Mak, H.K., Tsang, A.C.O., Lau, G.K., Leung, G.K. & Wu, E.X. (2021). A Low-Cost and Shielding-Free Ultra-Low-Field Brain MRI Scanner. Nature Communications, 12(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27317-1

  • Marques, J. P., van Kemenade, W., Gazzo, S., Grodzki, D., Knopp, E. A., & Stainsby, J. (2021). ESMRMB Annual Meeting Roundtable Discussion: “When Less is More: The View of MRI Vendors on Low-Field MRI.” Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-021-00938-9 PMCID: PMC8278376

  • Mazurek, M. H., Cahn, B. A., Yuen, M. M., Prabhat, A. M., Chavva, I. R., Shah, J. T., Crawford, A. L., Welch, E. B., Rothberg, J., Sacolick, L., Poole, M., Wira, C., Matouk, C. C., Ward, A., Timario, N., Leasure, A., Beekman, R., Peng, T. J., Witsch, J., … Sheth, K. N. (2021). Portable, Bedside, Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Nature Communications, 12, 5119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25441-6 PMID: 34433813

  • Mazurek, M. H., Parasuram, N. R., Peng, T. J., Beekman, R., Yadlapalli, V., Sorby-Adams, A. J., Lalwani, D., Zabinska, J., Gilmore, E. J., Petersen, N. H., Falcone, G. J., Sujijantarat, N., Matouk, C., Payabvash, S., Sze, G., Schiff, S. J., Iglesias, J. E., Rosen, M. S., de Havenon, A., Kimberly, W. T., … Sheth, K. N. (2023). Detection of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using Low-Field, Portable Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Stroke. Stroke, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.043146. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.043146 PMID: 37795593

  • McDaniel, P. C., Cooley, C. Z., Stockmann, J. P., & Wald, L. L. (2019). The MR Cap: A Single-Sided MRI System Designed for Potential Point-of-Care Limited Field-of-View Brain Imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 82(5), 1946–1960. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.27861 PMCID: PMC6660420

  • Miyasaka, T., Kajiwara, M., Kawasaki, A., Okamoto, Y. & Terada, Y. (2022). Development of a Car-Mounted Mobile MR Imaging System for Diagnosis of Sports-related Wrist Injury. Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.tn.2021-0158 PMID: 35473757

  • Mullen, M., Kobayashi, N., & Garwood, M. (2019). Two-Dimensional Frequency-Swept Pulse with Resilience to Both B1 and B0 Inhomogeneity. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 299, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2018.12.017 PMCID: PMC6369020

  • Norris, D. G., & Webb, A. (2021). This House Proposes that Low Field and High Field MRI are by Destiny Worst Enemies, and Can Never Be the Best of Friends! Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-021-00940-1

  • Obungoloch, J. & Ahishakiye, E. (2021). Approaches for Image Reconstruction in Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1127552/v1

  • Parasuram, N. R., Crawford, A. L., Mazurek, M. H., Chavva, I. R., Beekman, R., Gilmore, E. J., ... & Sheth, K. N. (2023). Future of Neurology & Technology: Neuroimaging Made Accessible Using Low-Field, Portable MRI. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000207074 PMCID: 36720639

  • Peng, Y., Li, M., Grandinetti, J., Wang, G. & Jia, X. (2022). Top-Level Design and Simulated Performance of the First Portable CT-MR Scanner. ArXiv:2203.15989 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.15989

  • Prabhat, A. M., Crawford, A. L., Mazurek, M. H., Yuen, M. M., Chavva, I. R., Ward, A., Hofmann, W. V., Timario, N., Qualls, S. R., Helland, J., Wira, C., Sze, G., Rosen, M. S., Kimberly, W. T. & Sheth, K. N. (2021). Methodology for Low-Field, Portable Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging at the Bedside. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, 760321. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.760321 PMID: 34956049

  • Roberts, D. R., McGeorge, T., Abrams, D., Hewitt, R., LeBlanc, D., Dennis, W., Rosenberg, M., Kasab, S. A., Holmstedt, C., Spampinato, M. V., Torres-Rosado, S., Ancrum, R., Haschker, M., & Harvey, J. (2023). Mobile point-of-care MRI demonstration of a normal volunteer in a telemedicine-equipped ambulance. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases, 32(10), 107301. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107301

    Sabir, H., Kipfmueller, F., Bagci, S., Dresbach, T., Grass, T., Nitsch-Felsecker, P., Pantazis, C., Schmitt, J., Schroeder, L., & Mueller, A. (2023). Feasibility of bedside portable MRI in neonates and children during ECLS. Critical care (London, England), 27(1), 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04416-7

    Salameh, N., Lurie, D.J., Ipek, Ö. et al. Exploring the foothills: benefits below 1 Tesla?. Magn Reson Mater Phy (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-023-01106-x

  • Sabir, H., Kipfmueller, F., Bagci, S., Dresbach, T., Grass, T., Nitsch-Felsecker, P., Pantazis, C., Schmitt, J., Schroeder, L., & Mueller, A. (2023). Feasibility of bedside portable MRI in neonates and children during ECLS. Critical care (London, England), 27(1), 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04416-7

  • Sarracanie, M., LaPierre, C. D., Salameh, N., Waddington, D. E. J., Witzel, T., & Rosen, M. S. (2015). Low-Cost High-Performance MRI. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 15177. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15177 PMCID: PMC4606787

  • Sarracanie, M. & Salameh, N. (2020). Low-Field MRI: How Low Can We Go? A Fresh View on an Old Debate. Frontiers in Physics, 8, 172. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphy.2020.00172

  • Sheth, K. N., Yuen, M. M., Mazurek, M. H., Cahn, B. A., Prabhat, A. M., Salehi, S., Shah, J. T., By, S., Welch, E. B., Sofka, M., Sacolick, L. I., Kim, J. A., Payabvash, S., Falcone, G. J., Gilmore, E. J., Hwang, D. Y., Matouk, C., Gordon-Kundu, B., Rn, A. W., … Kundu, P. (2022). Bedside Detection of Intracranial Midline Shift Using Portable Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03892-7 PMID: 34996970

  • Shoghli, A., Chow, D., Kuoy, E., & Yaghmai, V. (2023). Current role of portable MRI in diagnosis of acute neurological conditions. Frontiers in Neurology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1255858

  • Sien, M. E., Robinson, A. L., Hu, H. H., Nitkin, C. R., Hall, A. S., Files, M. G., Artz, N. S., Pitts, J. T. & Chan, S. S. (2022). Feasibility of and Experience Using a Portable MRI Scanner in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, F1–F6. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-324200 PMID: 35788031

  • Torres, E., Froelich, T., Wang, P., DelaBarre, L., Mullen, M., Adriany, G., Pizetta, D. C., Martins, M. J., Vidoto, E. L. G., Tannús, A., & Garwood, M. (2021). B1-Gradient–Based MRI Using Frequency-Modulated Rabi-Encoded Echoes. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, mrm.29002, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.29002

  • Tyszka, J. M. (2021). Compact Brain MRI. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 5(3), 201–202. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-021-00702-3 PMID: 33727710

  • Wald, L. L., McDaniel, P. C., Witzel, T., Stockmann, J. P., & Cooley, C. Z. (2020). Low-Cost and Portable MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 52(3), 686–696. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.26942

  • Weinreb, J. C. (2021). Low-Cost Low-Field MRI Has Arrived: What Does It Mean for Radiology? Journal of the American College of Radiology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2021.09.025

  • Yuen, M. M., Prabhat, A. M., Mazurek, M. H., Chavva, I. R., Crawford, A., Cahn, B. A., Beekman, R., Kim, J. A., Gobeske, K. T., Petersen, N. H., Falcone, G. J., Gilmore, E. J., Hwang, D. Y., Jasne, A. S., Amin, H., Sharma, R., Matouk, C., Ward, A., Schindler, J., … Sheth, K. N. (2022). Portable, Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Enables Highly Accessible and Dynamic Bedside Evaluation of Ischemic Stroke. Science Advances, 8(16), eabm3952. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm3952 PMID: 35442729

 

Portable MEG

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures the magnetic waves created by the brain’s neural activity. Traditional MEG requires a large device, a big liquid helium cooling unit, and a motionless participant. But researchers are now developing portable MEG technology that relaxes those constraints. The citations below are selected publications describing new, portable MEG.

 

  • Boto, E., Hill, R. M., Rea, M., Holmes, N., Seedat, Z. A., Leggett, J., Shah, V., Osborne, J., Bowtell, R., & Brookes, M. J. (2021). Measuring Functional Connectivity with Wearable MEG. NeuroImage, 230, 117815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117815 PMCID: PMC8216250

  • Boto, E., Holmes, N., Leggett, J., Roberts, G., Shah, V., Meyer, S. S., Muñoz, L. D., Mullinger, K. J., Tierney, T. M., Bestmann, S., Barnes, G. R., Bowtell, R., & Brookes, M. J. (2018). Moving Magnetoencephalography Towards Real-World Applications with a Wearable System. Nature, 555(7698), 657–661. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26147 PMCID: PMC6063354

  • Boto, E., Seedat, Z. A., Holmes, N., Leggett, J., Hill, R. M., Roberts, G., Shah, V., Fromhold, T. M., Mullinger, K. J., Tierney, T. M., Barnes, G. R., Bowtell, R., & Brookes, M. J. (2019). Wearable Neuroimaging: Combining and Contrasting Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography. NeuroImage, 201, 116099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116099 PMCID: PMC8235152

  • Hill, R. M., Boto, E., Holmes, N., Hartley, C., Seedat, Z. A., Leggett, J., Roberts, G., Shah, V., Tierney, T. M., Woolrich, M. W., Stagg, C. J., Barnes, G. R., Bowtell, R., Slater, R., & Brookes, M. J. (2019). A Tool for Functional Brain Imaging with Lifespan Compliance. Nature Communications, 10(1), 4785. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12486-x PMCID: PMC6831615

  • Hill, R. M., Boto, E., Rea, M., Holmes, N., Leggett, J., Coles, L. A., Papastavrou, M., Everton, S. K., Hunt, B. A. E., Sims, D., Osborne, J., Shah, V., Bowtell, R., & Brookes, M. J. (2020). Multi-Channel Whole-Head OPM-MEG: Helmet Design and a Comparison with a Conventional System. NeuroImage, 219, 116995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116995 PMCID: PMC8274815

  • Hill, R. M., Devasagayam, J., Holmes, N., Boto, E., Shah, V., Osborne, J., Safar, K., Worcester, F., Mariani, C., Dawson, E., Woolger, D., Bowtell, R., Taylor, M. J. & Brookes, M. J. (2022). Using OPM-MEG in Contrasting Magnetic Environments. NeuroImage, 253, 119084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119084 PMID: 35278706

  • Holmes, N., Tierney, T. M., Leggett, J., Boto, E., Mellor, S., Roberts, G., Hill, R. M., Shah, V., Barnes, G. R., Brookes, M. J., & Bowtell, R. (2019). Balanced, Bi-Planar Magnetic Field and Field Gradient Coils for Field Compensation in Wearable Magnetoencephalography. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 14196. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50697-w PMCID: PMC6775070

  • Paek, A. Y., Kilicarslan, A., Korenko, B., Gerginov, V., Knappe, S., & Contreras-Vidal, J. L. (2020). Towards a Portable Magnetoencephalography Based Brain Computer Interface with Optically-Pumped Magnetometers. 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine Biology Society (EMBC), 3420–3423. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9176159

  • Rea, M., Holmes, N., Hill, R. M., Boto, E., Leggett, J., Edwards, L. J., Woolger, D., Dawson, E., Shah, V., Osborne, J., Bowtell, R., & Brookes, M. J. (2021). Precision Magnetic Field Modelling and Control for Wearable Magnetoencephalography. NeuroImage, 241, 118401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118401

  • Tierney, T. M., Holmes, N., Meyer, S. S., Boto, E., Roberts, G., Leggett, J., Buck, S., Duque- Muñoz, L., Litvak, V., Bestmann, S., Baldeweg, T., Bowtell, R., Brookes, M. J., & Barnes, G. R. (2018). Cognitive Neuroscience Using Wearable Magnetometer Arrays: Non-Invasive Assessment of Language Function. NeuroImage, 181, 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.035 PMCID: PMC61509467

  • Tierney, T. M., Mellor, S., O’Neill, G. C., Holmes, N., Boto, E., Roberts, G., Hill, R. M., Leggett, J., Bowtell, R., Brookes, M. J., & Barnes, G. R. (2020). Pragmatic Spatial Sampling for Wearable MEG Arrays. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 21609. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77589-8 PMCID: PMC7729945

 
 

Portable PET

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a method of indirectly measuring brain function by injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and then tracking how brain cells consume glucose. Traditional PET technology has required a large machine, with patients flat on their back. But new research is exploring the possibility of more portable and wearable PET technology. The citations below are selected publications describing these advances.

 

  • Allison, J., Antkowiak, P., Bellam, N., Castro, F., Chen, L., Correia, P., Encarnação, P., Veloso, J., Mięsak, P., Morichi, M., Ren, Z., Simpura, S., Suhonen, E., Venturini, Y., & Watts, S. (n.d.). Wearable Positron Emission Tomography. ATTRACT. https://phase1.attract-eu.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/WPET.pdf

  • Bauer, C. E., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Marano, G., Mandich, M.-B., Stolin, A., Martone, P., Lewis, J. W., Jaliparthi, G., Raylman, R. R., & Majewski, S. (2016). Concept of an Upright Wearable Positron Emission Tomography Imager in Humans. Brain and Behavior, 6(9), e00530. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.530 PMCID: PMC5036439

  • Flatz, W., Hinzmann, D., Kampmann, P., Poehlmann, L., Reidler, P., Schlichtiger, J., Kanz, K. G., Ricke, J., Bazarian, J., & Bogner-Flatz, V. (2023). Mobile Computed Tomography at Munich Oktoberfest. The New England journal of medicine, 389(11), 1051–1052. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2306490 PMID: 37703560

  • Hwang, S., Song, Y., & Kim, J. (2021). Evaluation of AI-Assisted Telemedicine Service Using a Mobile Pet Application. Applied Sciences, 11(6), 2707. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062707

  • Kinahan, P., Majewski, S., Elston, B., Harrison, R., Qi, J., Manjeshwar, R., Dolinsky, S., Stolin, A., & Brefczynski-Lewis, J. (2015). Design Considerations for AMPET: The Ambulatory Micro-Dose, Wearable PET Brain Imager. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 56(supplement 3), 1540–1540.

  • Noble, R. M. (2019). Ambulatory Microdose PET: A Wearable PET Scanner for Neurologic Imaging. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 47(4), 336–340. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.119.228718 PMID: 31182665

  • Suzuki, M., Fushimi, Y., Okada, T., Hinoda, T., Nakamoto, R., Arakawa, Y., Sawamoto, N., Togashi, K., & Nakamoto, Y. (2021). Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Sequential PET/MRI Using a Newly Developed Mobile PET System for Brain Imaging. Japanese Journal of Radiology, 39(7), 669–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-021-01105-9

  • Tao, W., Weng, F., Chen, G., Lv, L., Zhao, Z., Xie, S., Zan, Y., Xu, J., Huang, Q., & Peng, Q. (2020). Design Study of Fully Wearable High-Performance Brain PETs for Neuroimaging in Free Movement. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 65(13), 135006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab8c90

  • Van der Linden, D., Zamansky, A., Hadar, I., Craggs, B., & Rashid, A. (2019). Buddy’s Wearable Is Not Your Buddy: Privacy Implications of Pet Wearables. IEEE Security Privacy, 17(3), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSEC.2018.2888783

  • Yamamoto, S., Honda, M., Oohashi, T., Shimizu, K., & Senda, M. (2011). Development of a Brain PET System, PET-Hat: A Wearable PET System for Brain Research. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 58(3), 668–673. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2011.2105502

 

Portable fNIRS

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) utilizes sensers on the human scalp and optimal imaging to indirectly measure brain function by detecting changes in cerebral blood flow. fNIRS has always been more portable than fixed MRI, MEG, and PET, but new advances are allowing for even more portability at lower costs. The citations below present selected research utilizing portable fNIRS.

 

  • Agrò, D., Canicattì, R., Pinto, M., Morsellino, G., Tomasino, A., Adamo, G., Curcio, L., Parisi, A., Stivala, S., Galioto, N., Busacca, A., & Giaconia, C. (2016). Design and Implementation of a Portable fNIRS Embedded System. In A. De Gloria (Ed.), Applications in Electronics Pervading Industry, Environment and Society 2014 (pp. 43–50). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20227-3_6

  • Arakawa, T., Hibi, R., & Fujishiro, T. (2019). Psychophysical Assessment of a Driver’s Mental State in Autonomous Vehicles. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 124, 587–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.05.003

  • Baker, J. M., Rojas, -Valverde Daniel, Guti, érrez R., Winkler, M., Fuhrimann, S., Eskenazi, B., Reiss, A. L., & Mora, A. M. (n.d.). Portable Functional Neuroimaging as an Environmental Epidemiology Tool: A How-To Guide for the Use of fNIRS in Field Studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(9), 094502. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2049 PMCID: PMC5915206

  • Barreto, C. & Soltanlou, M. (2022). Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Assess Brain Activity in Educational Settings: An Introduction for Educational Researchers. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 12(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v12i1.1138

  • Bergen-Cico, D., Hirshfield, L., & Costa, M. (2018). Measuring the Neural Correlates of Mindfulness with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy In D. Grimes, Q. Wang & H. Lin (Eds.), Empirical Studies of Contemplative Practices (pp. 117–145). Nova Science Publishers.

  • Blasi, A., Lloyd-Fox, S., Katus, L., & Elwell, C. E. (2019). FNIRS for Tracking Brain Development in the Context of Global Health Projects. Photonics, 6(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics6030089 PMCID: PMC7745110

  • Burgess, P. W., Crum, J., Pinti, P., Aichelburg, C., Oliver, D., Lind, F., Power, S., Swingler, E., Hakim, U., Merla, A., Gilbert, S., Tachtsidis, I. & Hamilton, A. (2022). Prefrontal Cortical Activation Associated with Prospective Memory While Walking Around A Real-World Street Environment. NeuroImage, 258, 119392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119392 PMID: 35714887

  • Fishell, A. K., Arbeláez, A. M., Valdés, C. P., Burns-Yocum, T. M., Sherafati, A., Richter, E. J., Torres, M., Eggebrecht, A. T., Smyser, C. D., & Culver, J. P. (2020). Portable, Field-Based Neuroimaging Using High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography. NeuroImage, 215, 116541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116541

  • Friesen, C. L., Lawrence, M., Ingram, T. G. J., Smith, M. M., Hamilton, E. A., Holland, C. W., Neyedli, H. F. & Boe, S. G. (2022). Portable Wireless and Fibreless fNIRS Headband Compares Favorably to a Stationary Headcap-Based System. PLOS ONE, 17(7), e0269654. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269654 PMID: 35834524

  • Herold, F., Wiegel, P., Scholkmann, F., & Müller, N. G. (2018). Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise–Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(12), 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120466 PMCID: PMC6306799

  • Huve, G., Takahashi, K., & Hashimoto, M. (2017). Brain Activity Recognition with a Wearable fNIRS Using Neural Networks. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, 1573–1578. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMA.2017.8016051

  • Ishida, M., Ushioda, S., Nagasawa, Y., Komuroa, Y., Tang, Z., Hu, L., Tamura, T., & Sakatani, K. (2020). Development of an IoT-Based Monitoring System for Healthcare: A Preliminary Study. In P.-D. Ryu, J. C. LaManna, D. K. Harrison, & S.-S. Lee (Eds.), Oxygen Transport to Tissue XLI (pp. 291–297). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34461-0_37

  • Jasińska, K. K. & Guei, S. (2018). Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-12 Saharan Africa. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE, 132, e57165. https://doi.org/10.3791/57165 PMID: 29443053

  • Kassab, A., Hinnoutondji Toffa, D., Robert, M., Lesage, F., Peng, K. & Khoa Nguyen, D. (2021). Hemodynamic Changes Associated with Common EEG Patterns in Critically Ill Patients: Pilot Results from Continuous EEG-fNIRS Study. NeuroImage : Clinical, 32, 102880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102880 PMID: 34773798

  • Kwasa, J., Peterson, H. M., Karrobi, K., Jones, L., Parker, T., Nickerson, N., & Wood, S. (2023). Demographic reporting and phenotypic exclusion in fNIRS. Frontiers in neuroscience, 17, 1086208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1086208

  • Kopton, I. M., & Kenning, P. (2014). Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) as a New Tool for Neuroeconomic Research. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 549. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00549 PMCID: PMC4124877

  • Krampe, C., Gier, N. R., & Kenning, P. (2018). The Application of Mobile fNIRS in Marketing Research—Detecting the “First-Choice-Brand” Effect. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00433 PMCID: PMC6222120

  • Kwasa, J., Peterson, H. M., Karrobi, K., Jones, L., Parker, T., Nickerson, N., & Wood, S. (2023). Demographic reporting and phenotypic exclusion in fNIRS. Frontiers in neuroscience, 17, 1086208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1086208

  • Li, C., Su, M., Xu, J., Jin, H., & Sun, L. (2020). A Between-Subject fNIRS-BCI Study on Detecting Self-Regulated Intention During Walking. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering: 28(2), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2020.2965628 PMID: 31940543

  • Lühmann, A. von, Lühmann, A. von, Zimmermann, B. B., Ortega-Martinez, A., Perkins, N., Yücel, M. A., Yücel, M. A., Boas, D. A., & Boas, D. A. (2020). Towards Neuroscience in the Everyday World: Progress in Wearable fNIRS Instrumentation and Applications [Paper presentation]. Biophotonics Congress: Biomedical Optics 2020, Washington D.C., United States. https://doi.org/10.1364/BRAIN.2020.BM3C.2

  • Martini, M. & Arias, N. (2021). Near-Infrared Light Spectroscopy and Stimulation in Cognitive Neuroscience: The Need for an Integrative View? Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 20(4), 1105–1109. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jin2004111 PMID: 34997733

  • Meyerding, S. G., & Risius, A. (2018). Reading Minds: Mobile Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a New Neuroimaging Method for Economic and Marketing Research—A Feasibility Study. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 11(4), 197.

  • Pinti, P., Aichelburg, C., Gilbert, S., Hamilton, A., Hirsch, J., Burgess, P., & Tachtsidis, I. (2018). A Review on the Use of Wearable Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Naturalistic Environments. Japanese Psychological Research, 60(4), 347–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12206 PMCID: PMC6329605

  • Pinti, P., Aichelburg, C., Lind, F., Power, S., Swingler, E., Merla, A., Hamilton, A., Gilbert, S., Burgess, P., & Tachtsidis, I. (2015). Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 106, 53336. https://doi.org/10.3791/53336 PMCID: PMC4692764

  • Piper, S. K., Krueger, A., Koch, S. P., Mehnert, J., Habermehl, C., Steinbrink, J., Obrig, H., & Schmitz, C. H. (2014). A Wearable Multi-Channel fNIRS System for Brain Imaging in Freely Moving Subjects. NeuroImage, 85, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.062 PMCID: PMC3859838

  • Quaresima, V., & Ferrari, M. (2019). Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) for Assessing Cerebral Cortex Function During Human Behavior in Natural/Social Situations: A Concise Review. Organizational Research Methods, 22(1), 46–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116658959

  • Sagiv, S. K., Bruno, J. L., Baker, J. M., Palzes, V., Kogut, K., Rauch, S., Gunier, R., Mora, A. M., Reiss, A. L., & Eskenazi, B. (2019). Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and Functional Neuroimaging in Adolescents Living in Proximity to Pesticide Application. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(37), 18347–18356. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903940116 PMID: 31451641

  • Saikia, M. J., Besio, W. G., & Mankodiya, K. (2019). WearLight: Toward a Wearable, Configurable Functional NIR Spectroscopy System for Noninvasive Neuroimaging. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 13(1), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2018.2876089

  • Saikia, M. J., & Mankodiya, K. (2018). A Wireless fNIRS Patch with Short-Channel Regression to Improve Detection of Hemodynamic Response of Brain. 2018 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer, and Optimization Techniques, 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEECCOT43722.2018.9001342

  • Schober, P., & Schwarte, L. A. (2020). Thinking Out of the (Big) Box: A Wearable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Monitor for the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Air Medical Journal, 39(2), 120–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2019.10.002 PMID: 32197689

  • Si, J., Zhao, R., Zhang, Y., Zuo, N., Zhang, X., & Jiang, T. (2015). A Portable fNIRS System with Eight Channels. Optical Techniques in Neurosurgery, Neurophotonics, and Optogenetics II, 9305, 93051B. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2080947

  • Stuart, S., Belluscio, V., Quinn, J. F., & Mancini, M. (2019). Pre-frontal Cortical Activity During Walking and Turning Is Reliable and Differentiates Across Young, Older Adults and People With Parkinson’s Disease. Frontiers in Neurology, 10, 536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00536 PMCID: PMC6540937

  • Tan, S. H. J., Wong, J. N., & Teo, W.-P. (2023). Is neuroimaging ready for the classroom? A systematic review of hyperscanning studies in learning. NeuroImage, 281, 120367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120367

  • Tang, L., Si, J., Sun, L., Mao, G. & Yu, S. (2022). Assessment of the Mental Workload of Trainee Pilots of Remotely Operated Aircraft Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. BMC Neurology, 22(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-022-02683-5 PMID: 35490209

  • Tsow, F., Kumar, A., Hosseini, S. H., & Bowden, A. (2021). A Low-Cost, Wearable, Do-it-Yourself Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (DIY-fNIRS) Headband. HardwareX, 10, e00204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00204

  • Von Lühmann, A., Herff, C., Heger, D., & Schultz, T. (2015). Toward a Wireless Open Source Instrument: Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Mobile Neuroergonomics and BCI Applications. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 617. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00617 PMCID: PMC6540937

  • Wang, J., Gao, X., Xiang, Z., Sun, F., & Yang, Y. (2023). Evaluation of consciousness rehabilitation via neuroimaging methods. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 17, 1233499. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1233499 PMID: 37780959

  • Wang, Q., Zhu, G.-P., Yi, L., Cui, X.-X., Wang, H., Wei, R.-Y., & Hu, B.-L. (2020). A Review of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Studies of Motor and Cognitive Function in Preterm Infants. Neuroscience Bulletin, 36(3), 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-019-00441-1 PMCID: PMC7056771

  • Wheelock, M. D., Culver, J. P., & Eggebrecht, A. T. (2019). High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography for Imaging Human Brain Function. Review of Scientific Instruments, 90(5), 051101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5086809 PMCID: PMC6533110

  • Wyser, D. G., Lambercy, O., Scholkmann, F., Wolf, M., & Gassert, R. (2017). Wearable and Modular Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Instrument with Multidistance Measurements at Four Wavelengths. Neurophotonics, 4(4), 041413. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.NPh.4.4.041413 PMCID: PMC5562388

  • Yaqub, M. A., Woo, S.-W., & Hong, K.-S. (2020). Compact, Portable, High-Density Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy System for Brain Imaging. IEEE Access, 8, 128224–128238. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3008748

 

Portable EEG

Electroencephalography (EEG) was invented in the 1920s and uses electrodes on the scalp to measure the brain’s electrical activity. Relative to the other technologies included in this bibliography, EEG is the most affordable and most portable. EEG is used in a variety of consumer-grade technologies, in technologies designed to monitor and enhance athletes’ performance, and in many field-based research projects. The citations below present a selection of this portable EEG research, but it should be noted that in the interests of space, much additional portable EEG research is not included here.

 

  • Abdulghani, A. M., Casson, A. J., & Rodriguez-Villegas, E. (2009). Quantifying the Feasibility of Compressive Sensing in Portable Electroencephalography Systems. In D. D. Schmorrow, I. V. Estabrooke, & M. Grootjen (Eds.), Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience (pp. 319–328). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02812-0_38

  • Aspinall, P., Mavros, P., Coyne, R., & Roe, J. (2015). The Urban Brain: Analysing Outdoor Physical Activity with Mobile EEG. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(4), 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091877 PMID: 23467965

  • Bhavnani, S., Parameshwaran, D., Sharma, K. K., Mukherjee, D., Divan, G., Patel, V. & Thiagarajan, T. C. (2022). The Acceptability, Feasibility, and Utility of Portable Electroencephalography to Study Resting-State Neurophysiology in Rural Communities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16, 802764. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.802764 PMID: 35386581

  • Casson, A. J. (2019). Wearable EEG and Beyond. Biomedical Engineering Letters, 9(1), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-018-00093-6 PMID: 30956880

  • Casson, A. J., & Rodriguez-Villegas, E. (2009). Toward Online Data Reduction for Portable Electroencephalography Systems in Epilepsy. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 56(12), 2816–2825. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2009.2027607 PMID: 19643698

  • Casson, A. J., Yates, D. C., Smith, S. J. M., Duncan, J. S., & Rodriguez-Villegas, E. (2010). Wearable Electroencephalography. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 29(3), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMB.2010.936545 PMID: 20659857

  • Chen, X., Li, C., Liu, A., McKeown, M. J., Qian, R. & Wang, Z. J. (2021). Toward Open-World Electroencephalogram Decoding Via Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Survey. ArXiv:2112.06654v2. http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.06654

  • Dan, J., Vandendriessche, B., Paesschen, W. V., Weckhuysen, D., & Bertrand, A. (2020). Computationally-Efficient Algorithm for Real-Time Absence Seizure Detection in Wearable Electroencephalography. International Journal of Neural Systems, 30(11), 2050035. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129065720500355 PMID: 32808854

  • Debener, S., Emkes, R., De Vos, M., & Bleichner, M. (2015). Unobtrusive Ambulatory EEG Using a Smartphone and Flexible Printed Electrodes Around the Ear. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 16743. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16743 PMCID: PMC4648079

  • Debener, S., Minow, F., Emkes, R., Gandras, K., & Vos, M. de. (2012). How About Taking a Low-Cost, Small, and Wireless EEG for a Walk? Psychophysiology, 49(11), 1617–1621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01471.x PMID: 23013047

  • Gottlibe, M., Rosen, O., Weller, B., Mahagney, A., Omar, N., Khuri, A., Srugo, I., & Genizi, J. (2020). Stroke Identification Using a Portable EEG Device – A Pilot Study. Neurophysiologie Clinique, 50(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2019.12.004 PMID: 32014371

  • He, C., Chen, Y. Y., Phang, C. R., Stevenson, C., Chen, I. P., Jung, T. P., & Ko, L. W. (2023). Diversity and Suitability of the State-of-the-Art Wearable and Wireless EEG Systems Review. IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics, PP, 10.1109/JBHI.2023.3239053. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2023.3239053

  • Huang, S.-C. L., Chiang, N. C., Kuo, N.-F., & Chen, Y.-J. (2019). An Exploratory Approach for Using EEG to Examine Person-Environment Interaction. Landscape Research, 44(6), 702–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2018.1548586

  • Jebelli, H., Khalili, M. M., & Lee, S. (2019). Mobile EEG-Based Workers’ Stress Recognition by Applying Deep Neural Network. In I. Mutis & T. Hartmann (Eds.), Advances in Informatics and Computing in Civil and Construction Engineering (pp. 173–180). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00220-6_21

  • Jiang, Z., & Zhao, W. (2020). Optimal Selection of Customized Features for Implementing Seizure Detection in Wearable Electroencephalography Sensor. IEEE Sensors Journal, 20(21), 12941–12949. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.300373312

  • Jillian T. Teo, Stuart J. Johnstone, Susan J. Thomas, Use of portable devices to measure brain and heart activity during relaxation and comparative conditions: Electroencephalogram, heart rate variability, and correlations with self-report psychological measures, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2023, ISSN 0167-8760, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.04.002.

  • Kosch, T., Funk, M., Schmidt, A., & Chuang, L. L. (2018). Identifying Cognitive Assistance with Mobile Electroencephalography: A Case Study with In-Situ Projections for Manual Assembly. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(EICS), 11:1-11:20. https://doi.org/10.1145/3229093

  • Ladouce, S., Donaldson, D. I., Dudchenko, P. A., & Ietswaart, M. (2019). Mobile EEG Identifies the Re-Allocation of Attention During Real-World Activity. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 15851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51996-y PMCID: PMC6825178

  • Lareau, E., Lesage, F., Pouliot, P., Lan, J. L., Sawan, M., & Nguyen, D. (2011). Multichannel Wearable System Dedicated for Simultaneous Electroencephalography/Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Real-Time Data Acquisitions. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 16(9), 096014. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3625575

  • Lau-Zhu, A., Lau, M. P. H., & McLoughlin, G. (2019). Mobile EEG in Research on Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 36, 100635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100635 PMCID: PMC6534774

  • Lazarou, I., Oikonomou, V. P., Mpaltadoros, L., Grammatikopoulou, M., Alepopoulos, V., Stavropoulos, T. G., Bezerianos, A., Nikolopoulos, S., Kompatsiaris, I., Tsolaki, M., & RADAR-AD Consortium (2023). Eliciting brain waves of people with cognitive impairment during meditation exercises using portable electroencephalography in a smart-home environment: a pilot study. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 15, 1167410. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1167410 PMID: 37388185

  • Li, H., Wang, D., Chen, J., Luo, X., Li, J., & Xing, X. (2019). Pre-Service Fatigue Screening for Construction Workers Through Wearable EEG-Based Signal Spectral Analysis. Automation in Construction, 106, 102851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102851

  • Lin, W., Chen, Q., Jiang, M., Tao, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, L., Xu, S., Kang, Y., & Zeng, Q. (2020). Sitting or Walking? Analyzing the Neural Emotional Indicators of Urban Green Space Behavior with Mobile EEG. Journal of Urban Health, 97(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00407-8. PMCID: PMC7101459

  • Lockwood Estrin, G., Bhavnani, S., Goodwin, A., Arora, R., Divan, G., Haartsen, R., Mason, L., Patel, V., Johnson, M. H., & Jones, E. J. H. (2023). From the lab to the field: acceptability of using electroencephalography with Indian preschool children. Wellcome open research, 7, 99. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17334.2

  • Madison Milne-Ives, Jonas Dunn-Henriksen, Lykke Blaabjerg, Brendan Mclean, Rohit Shankar, Edward Meinert, At home EEG monitoring technologies for people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities: A scoping review, Seizure, 2023, ISSN 1059-1311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2023.05.007.

  • Martins, I. P., Westerfield, M., Lopes, M., Maruta, C., & Gil-da-Costa, R. (2020). Brain State Monitoring for the Future Prediction of Migraine Attacks. Cephalalgia, 40(3), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419877660 PMID: 31530007

  • Mehdi, M., Hennig, L., Diemer, F., Dode, A., Pryss, R., Schlee, W., Reichert, M., & Hauck, F. J. (2021). Towards Mobile-Based Preprocessing Pipeline for Electroencephalography (EEG) Analyses: The Case of Tinnitus. In J. Ye, M. J. O’Grady, G. Civitarese, & K. Yordanova (Eds.), Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare (pp. 67–86). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70569-5_5

  • Mulkey, M. A., Gantt, L. T., Hardin, S. R., Munro, C. L., Everhart, D. E., Kim, S., Schoeman, A. M., Roberson, D. W., McAuliffe, M. & Olson, D. M. (2022). Rapid Handheld Continuous Electroencephalogram (EEG) Has the Potential to Detect Delirium in Older Adults. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing: DCCN, 41(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000502 PMID: 34817959

  • Mustile, M., Kourtis, D., Ladouce, S., Learmonth, G., Edwards, M. G., Donaldson, D. I., & Ietswaart, M. (n.d.). Mobile EEG Reveals Functionally Dissociable Dynamic Processes Supporting Real-World Ambulatory Obstacle Avoidance: Evidence for Early Proactive Control. European Journal of Neuroscience, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15120

  • Nagar, P., & Sethia, D. (2019). Brain Mapping Based Stress Identification Using Portable EEG Based Device. 2019 11th International Conference on Communication Systems Networks, 601–606. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMSNETS.2019.8711009

  • Neale, C., Aspinall, P., Roe, J., Tilley, S., Mavros, P., Cinderby, S., Coyne, R., Thin, N., & Thompson, C. W. (2020). The Impact of Walking in Different Urban Environments on Brain Activity in Older People. Cities & Health, 4(1), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2019.1619893

  • Nielsen, J. M., Rades, D. & Kjaer, T. W. (2021). Wearable Electroencephalography for Ultra-Long-Term Seizure Monitoring: A Systematic Review and Future Prospects. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 18(sup1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2021.2012152

  • Nordin, A. D., Hairston, W. D., & Ferris, D. P. (2018). Dual-Electrode Motion Artifact Cancellation for Mobile Electroencephalography. Journal of Neural Engineering, 15(5), 056024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aad7d713

  • Park, J. L., & Donaldson, D. I. (2019). Detecting the Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory with Mobile EEG: Recollecting Objects in the Real World. NeuroImage, 193, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.013

  • Qiu, J. M., Casey, M. A., & Diamond, S. G. (2019). Assessing Feedback Response With a Wearable Electroencephalography System. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00258 PMCID: PMC6669939

  • Radüntz, T., & Meffert, B. (2019). User Experience of 7 Mobile Electroencephalography Devices: Comparative Study. JMIR MHealth and UHealth, 7(9), e14474. https://doi.org/10.2196/14474 PMCID: PMC6751099

  • Reiser, J. E., Wascher, E., & Arnau, S. (2019). Recording Mobile EEG in an Outdoor Environment Reveals Cognitive-Motor Interference Dependent on Movement Complexity. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 13086. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49503-4 PMCID: PMC6739372

  • Ries, A. J., Touryan, J., Vettel, J., McDowell, K., & Hairston, W. D. (2014). A Comparison of Electroencephalography Signals Acquired from Conventional and Mobile Systems. Journal of Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, 3(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnsne.2014.1092

  • Sokolov, E., Bachir, D. H. A., Sakadi, F., Williams, J., Vogel, A. C., Schaekermann, M., Tassiou, N., Bah, A. K., Khatri, V., Hotan, G. C., Ayub, N., Leung, E., Fantaneanu, T. A., Patel, A., Vyas, M., Milligan, T., Villamar, M. F., Hoch, D., Purves, S., ... Mateen, F. J. (2020). Tablet-Based Electroencephalography Diagnostics for Patients with Epilepsy in the West African Republic of Guinea. European Journal of Neurology, 27(8), 1570–1577. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14291

  • Stangl, M., Maoz, S.L. & Suthana, N. Mobile cognition: imaging the human brain in the ‘real world’. Nat Rev Neurosci 24, 347–362 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-023-00692-y

  • Stopczynski, A., Stahlhut, C., Petersen, M. K., Larsen, J. E., Jensen, C. F., Ivanova, M. G., Andersen, T. S., & Hansen, L. K. (2014). Smartphones as Pocketable Labs: Visions for Mobile Brain Imaging and Neurofeedback. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 91(1), 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.08.007

  • Tan, S. H. J., Wong, J. N., & Teo, W.-P. (2023). Is neuroimaging ready for the classroom? A systematic review of hyperscanning studies in learning. NeuroImage, 281, 120367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120367

  • Titgemeyer, Y., Surges, R., Altenmüller, D.-M., Fauser, S., Kunze, A., Lanz, M., Malter, M. P., Nass, R. D., Podewils, F. von, Remi, J., Spiczak, S. von, Strzelczyk, A., Ramos, R. M., Kutafina, E., & Jonas, S. M. (2020). Can Commercially Available Wearable EEG Devices be Used for Diagnostic Purposes? An Explorative Pilot Study. Epilepsy & Behavior, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106507 PMID: 31645318

  • Vacas, S., McInrue, E., Gropper, M. A., Maze, M., Zak, R., Lim, E., & Leung, J. M. (2016). The Feasibility and Utility of Continuous Sleep Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients Using a Portable Electroencephalography Monitor. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 123(1), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000001330 PMCID: PMC5493322

  • Varga, L. (n.d.). Overview of EEG Research in Early Childhood Education: An International Perspective. Training and Practice, 16(3), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.17165/TP.2018.3.4

  • Von Lühmann, A., Wabnitz, H., Sander, T., & Müller, K.-R. (2016, October 13). Miniaturized CW NIRS for Integration and Hybridization with Mobile EEG / ECG / EMG and Accelerometer. [Paper presentation]. The Society for functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Biennial Meeting 2016, Paris, France. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311183763_Miniaturized_CW_NIRS_for_integration_and_hybridization_with_mobile_EEG_ECG_EMG_and_Accelerometer

  • Von Lühmann, A., Wabnitz, H., Sander, T., & Müller, K.-R. (2017). M3BA: A Mobile, Modular, Multimodal Biosignal Acquisition Architecture for Miniaturized EEG-NIRS-Based Hybrid BCI and Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 64(6), 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2016.2594127

  • Wang, D., Chen, J., Zhao, D., Dai, F., Zheng, C., & Wu, X. (2017). Monitoring Workers’ Attention and Vigilance in Construction Activities Through a Wireless and Wearable Electroencephalography System. Automation in Construction, 82, 122–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.02.001

  • Ward, J., Pinti, P., Amft, O., & Van Laerhoven, K. (2019). Wearables and the Brain. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 18, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2019.2898536

  • Wilkinson, C. M., Burrell, J. I., Kuziek, J. W. P., Thirunavukkarasu, S., Buck, B. H., & Mathewson, K. E. (2020). Predicting Stroke Severity with a 3-min Recording from the Muse Portable EEG System for Rapid Diagnosis of Stroke. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 18465. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75379-w PMCID: PMC7595199

  • Williams, N. S., McArthur, G. M., & Badcock, N. A. (2020). 10 Years of EPOC: A Scoping Review of Emotiv’s Portable EEG Device BioRxiv. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.14.202085

  • Yokota, Y., Tanaka, S., Miyamoto, A., & Naruse, Y. (2017). Estimation of Human Workload from the Auditory Steady-State Response Recorded via a Wearable Electroencephalography System during Walking. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00314 PMCID: PMC5468449

  • Zhang, Q., Wang, P., Liu, Y., Peng, B., Zhou, Y., Zhou, Z., Tong, B., Qiu, B., Zheng, Y., & Dai, Y. (2018). A Real-Time Wireless Wearable Electroencephalography System Based on Support Vector Machine for Encephalopathy Daily Monitoring. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 14(5) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147718779562

  • Zink, R., Hunyadi, B., Huffel, S. V., & Vos, M. D. (2016). Mobile EEG on the Bike: Disentangling Attentional and Physical Contributions to Auditory Attention Tasks. Journal of Neural Engineering, 13(4), 046017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046017